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Careers, Jobs and Education Resources for: Lebanon

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Following the capture of Syria from the Ottoman Empire by Anglo-French forces in 1918, France received a mandate over this territory and separated out the region of Lebanon in 1920. France granted this area independence in 1943. A lengthy civil war (1975-1990) devastated the country, but Lebanon has since made progress toward rebuilding its political institutions. Under the Ta'if Accord - the blueprint for national reconciliation - the Lebanese established a more equitable political system, particularly by giving Muslims a greater voice in the political process while institutionalizing sectarian divisions in the government. Since the end of the war, Lebanon has conducted several successful elections. Most militias have been disbanded, and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have extended authority over about two-thirds of the country. Hizballah, a radical Shi'a organization listed by the US State Department as a Foreign Terrorist Organization, retains its weapons. During Lebanon's civil war, the Arab League legitimized in the Ta'if Accord Syria's troop deployment, numbering about 16,000 based mainly east of Beirut and in the Bekaa Valley. Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon in May 2000 and the passage in October 2004 of UNSCR 1559 - a resolution calling for Syria to withdraw from Lebanon and end its interference in Lebanese affairs - encouraged some Lebanese groups to demand that Syria withdraw its forces as well. The assassination of former Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI and 20 others in February 2005 led to massive demonstrations in Beirut against the Syrian presence ("the Cedar Revolution"), and Syria withdrew the remainder of its military forces in April 2005. In May-June 2005, Lebanon held its first legislative elections since the end of the civil war free of foreign interference, handing a majority to the bloc led by Saad HARIRI, the slain prime minister's son. Lebanon continues to be plagued by violence - Hizballah kidnapped two Israeli soldiers in July 2006 leading to a 34-day conflict with Israel. The LAF in May-September 2007 battled Sunni extremist group Fatah al-Islam in the Nahr al-Barid Palestinian refugee camp; and the country has witnessed a string of politically motivated assassinations since the death of Rafiq HARIRI. Lebanese politicians in November 2007 were unable to agree on a successor to Emile LAHUD when he stepped down as president, creating a political vacuum until the election of Army Commander Michel SULAYMAN in May 2008 and the formation of a new cabinet in July 2008. (from the CIA)
 
 
 

Economic Overview

The 1975-90 civil war seriously damaged lebanon's economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended lebanon's position as a middle eastern entrepot and banking hub. in the years since, lebanon has rebuilt much of its war-torn physical and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily - mostly from domestic banks. in an attempt to reduce the ballooning national debt, the rafiq hariri government in the 1990s began an austerity program, reining in government expenditures, increasing revenue collection, and privatizing state enterprises, but economic and financial reform initiatives stalled and public debt continued to grow despite receipt of more than $2 billion in bilateral assistance at the 2002 paris ii donors conference. the israeli-hizballah conflict in july-august 2006 caused an estimated $3.6 billion in infrastructure damage, and prompted international donors to pledge nearly $1 billion in recovery and reconstruction assistance. donors met again in january 2007 at the paris iii donor conference and pledged more than $7.5 billion to lebanon for development projects and budget support, conditioned on progress on beirut's fiscal reform and privatization program. an 18-month political stalemate and sporadic sectarian and political violence hampered economic activity, particularly tourism, retail sales, and investment, until a new government was formed in july 2008.

Environmental Issues

Deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Government Type

Republic

Population

3,971,941 (july 2008 est.)

Location

Middle east, bordering the mediterranean sea, between israel and syria

Area

Total: 10,400 sq km land: 10,230 sq km water: 170 sq km

About 0.7 times the size of connecticut

Country Aliases

Conventional long form: lebanese republic conventional short form: lebanon local long form: al jumhuriyah al lubnaniyah local short form: lubnan former: greater lebanon

Capital

Name: beirut geographic coordinates: 33 52 n, 35 30 e time difference: utc+2 (7 hours ahead of washington, dc during standard time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last sunday in march; ends last sunday in october

Military Service

18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2007)

International Disputes

Lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the lebanon-syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, lebanon has claimed shab'a farms area in the israeli-occupied golan heights; the roughly 2,000-strong un interim force in lebanon (unifil) has been in place since 1978

Sources: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

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